The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes the genetic equilibrium of a population under ideal conditions. It predicts allele and genotype frequencies from one generation to the next.

Key Formulas:

• p + q = 1 (allele frequencies)
• p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (genotype frequencies)
• AA: p², Aa: 2pq, aa: q²

Assumptions:

• Large population size
• Random mating
• No mutation, migration, or selection

Applications:

• Population genetics
• Estimating carrier frequencies
• Evolutionary biology